Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that focuses on creating systems capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence. These tasks include learning, reasoning, problem-solving, understanding natural language, perception (e.g., vision and speech recognition), and decision-making. AI systems are designed to mimic human cognitive functions and improve over time through experience (machine learning).

Key Concepts in Artificial Intelligence

1. Machine Learning (ML):

   • A subset of AI that enables systems to learn from data and improve their performance without being explicitly programmed.

   • Techniques include supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning.

2. Deep Learning:

   • A specialized form of machine learning that uses neural networks with multiple layers (hence "deep") to model complex patterns in data.

   • Commonly used in image recognition, natural language processing, and speech recognition.

3. Natural Language Processing (NLP):

   • Enables machines to understand, interpret, and generate human language.

   • Applications include chatbots, language translation, and sentiment analysis.

4. Computer Vision:

   • Enables machines to interpret and understand visual information from the world, such as images and videos.

   • Applications include facial recognition, object detection, and autonomous vehicles.

5. Robotics:

   • Combines AI with mechanical engineering to create robots that can perform tasks autonomously or semi-autonomously.

   • Applications include industrial automation, healthcare robots, and drones.

6. Expert Systems:

   • AI systems that emulate the decision-making ability of a human expert in a specific domain.

   • Used in fields like medicine, finance, and engineering for diagnostics and recommendations.